“Until now, ARD was assumed to result simply from the skin being burned by the radiation, which meant that not much could be done to prevent it,” said Beth N. McLellan, MD, Chief, Dermatology, and Director, Supportive Oncodermatology, MECC; Associate Professor, Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and senior author of the two studies. “The readily available treatment we’ve developed and clinically tested could potentially save hundreds of thousands of people each year in the United States from severe ARD and its excruciating side effects.”
Identifying the Source
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria, often shortened to “staph,” typically live harmlessly on the skin, often in the nose and armpits. But they can cause infections if the skin is broken by a cut. Radiation weakens the skin’s structure at the treatment site and can result in infection by allowing SA to break through the skin’s outer layer. Courses of radiation therapy—routinely requiring daily treatments over several weeks—increase the risk for skin infection to occur.
Since SA is implicated in common skin disorders that lead to a breakdown in the skin, such as eczema, Dr. McLellan and her colleagues reasoned that the bacteria might also play a role in ARD. In one of the JAMA Oncology studies, the MECC researchers enrolled 76 patients undergoing radiation therapy for cancer. Bacterial cultures were collected from patients before and after radiation treatment from three different body sites: inside the nose, from skin in the radiated area and from skin on the side of the body not exposed to radiation.
Before treatment, approximately 20% of patients tested positive for SA but did not have an active infection. Following treatment, 48% of those patients who developed severe ARD tested positive for the presence of SA, compared with only 17% of patients who developed the mildest form of the condition. Many patients with SA on their skin also tested positive for nasal SA, suggesting that SA from the nose might be infecting the skin.
“This study clearly showed that SA plays a major role in ARD,” said Dr. McLellan. “The good news is we have a lot of tools to fight this bacteria. In a second study, we tested a topical antibacterial drug combination we thought would be effective and easy for people to use.”
Preventing Severe ARD
The second study enrolled 77 patients undergoing radiation therapy, all but two of whom had breast cancer. Participants were randomized to receive either the standard of care at MECC (normal hygiene and moisturizing treatment such as Aquaphor) or the experimental antibacterial regimen. This treatment involved using the body cleanser chlorhexidine along with mupirocin 2% nasal ointment twice a day for five days, every other week, throughout their radiation treatment.
Although more than half the patients treated with the antibacterial regimen developed mild-to-moderate ARD, no patients developed moist desquamation—the most severe type of ARD that causes the skin to break down and develop sores—and no patients experienced adverse effects from the treatment. In contrast, severe ARD affected 23% of participants receiving the standard of care.
“Our regimen is simple, inexpensive and easy, so we believe it should be used for everyone undergoing radiation therapy, with no need to first test individuals for SA,” said Dr. McLellan. “I expect this will completely change protocols for people undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer.”
Dr. McLellan also noted, “Like most of our trials at MECC, a majority of our participants were Black and Hispanic members of our community, meaning this protocol is generalizable and effective for people of different races and ethnicities. This is especially important because people with darker skin types are more likely to develop severe ARD.”
The papers are titled “Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Predicts Severity of Acute Radiation Dermatitis” and “Bacterial Decolonization for Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Co-Authors on both papers include Yana Kost, BA; Alana Deutsch, MD; Nitin Ohri, MD, MS; H. Dean Hosgood, PhD; Johanna P. Daily, MD, MS; Kosaku Shinoda, PhD; and Juan Lin, PhD. Additionally, Alexandra K. Rzepecki, MD, and Mathew R. Birnbaum contributed to the SA paper. Karolina Mieczkowska, MD; Roya Nazarian; Ahava Muskat, BS; and Rafi Kabarriti, MD, also contributed to the bacterial decolonization paper.
